Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.9K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
23.9K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.1K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.1K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

288
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
288
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

2.3K
The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
2.3K
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

3.5K
All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
3.5K
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.4K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanism of nucleolytic degradation of human ribosomes.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The LARP1 RRM functions as a ribosome responsive regulator of TOP mRNAs.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

ZAK activation at the collided ribosome.

Nature·2025
Same author

Translon: a single term for translated regions.

Nature methods·2025
Same author

Single-protein/RNA imaging reveals ZNF598 as a limiting factor in resolving collided ribosomes.

The EMBO journal·2025
Same author

Author Correction: GluD1 is a signal transduction device disguised as an ionotropic receptor.

Nature·2025
Same journal

Human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as integrators of translation and cell signalling networks.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

How proteins fold.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Reply to 'Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes'.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Plucking cellular ribosomes with Ribo-Tweezer.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

COPII meets autophagy at the ER membrane.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

10.6K

Translational control of stem cell function.

James A Saba1, Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali2, Rachel Green3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|July 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation depend on precise control of protein synthesis. Ribosome activity and translation mechanisms are key to maintaining pluripotency and cell fate decisions.

More Related Videos

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

12.8K
Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

10.6K
Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

12.8K
Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.1K

Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Cell Biology
  • * Biochemistry

Background:

  • * Stem cells possess unique self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • * Transcriptional regulation has been the primary focus for understanding stem cell behavior.
  • * Emerging evidence links ribosome function and protein synthesis to stem cell regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the role of translation mechanisms in adult and embryonic stem cell function.
  • * To highlight the connection between ribosome biogenesis, protein synthesis, and stem cell fate.
  • * To explore specific regulatory pathways impacting stem cell behavior.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of recent studies on stem cell translation.
  • * Analysis of regulatory mechanisms including mTOR signaling, ribosome levels, and mRNA/tRNA characteristics.
  • * Synthesis of findings on the interplay between protein synthesis and stem cell maintenance.

Main Results:

  • * Stem cells exhibit low global translation rates despite high ribosome biogenesis.
  • * Pluripotency maintenance, cell fate commitment, and differentiation involve regulated protein synthesis.
  • * Key regulatory factors include mTOR signaling, ribosome abundance, and mRNA/tRNA properties.

Conclusions:

  • * Protein synthesis regulation by the ribosome is crucial for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
  • * Understanding these translation mechanisms provides insights into stem cell biology.
  • * These findings may also inform cancer research, particularly regarding grade and metastasis.