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Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment
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Are Fish Wild?

Tanya Wyatt1, Kim Friedman2,3, Alison Hutchinson1

  • 1Northumbria University, Newcastle, England.

The Liverpool Law Review
|July 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Many countries legally define wildlife to exclude fish, impacting conservation efforts and animal welfare. This oversight in legislation, particularly within the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), needs urgent attention.

Keywords:
Animal welfareConvention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)FishFood securityWildlife trade

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Law
  • Conservation Biology
  • Animal Welfare Law

Background:

  • The escalating global biodiversity crisis necessitates a thorough review of legislative protections for all species.
  • International agreements like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) are crucial, requiring transposition into national laws.
  • The definition of 'wildlife' in legislation has significant implications for conservation, food security, and animal welfare, particularly concerning fish.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze legislative definitions of wildlife across 183 parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
  • To determine if fish are consistently included in legal definitions of wildlife, thereby affording them similar protections as other species.
  • To assess the implications of fish exclusion from wildlife definitions on their welfare, use for food security, and broader biodiversity conservation.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive legislative content analysis was conducted on the national legislation of all 183 parties to CITES.
  • The analysis focused specifically on how 'wildlife' is legally defined within these national laws.
  • The study systematically compared the inclusion or exclusion of fish within these definitions.

Main Results:

  • A majority of CITES parties' legislation appears to define fish as wildlife.
  • However, the study identified a notable number of instances where the inclusion of fish in wildlife definitions is unclear or explicitly excluded.
  • These ambiguities or exclusions can have substantial ramifications for non-human animal welfare, resource utilization, and conservation outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • While many CITES parties include fish in their legal definitions of wildlife, inconsistencies persist.
  • The exclusion or ambiguous inclusion of fish poses risks to their welfare, food security applications, and overall biodiversity conservation.
  • Recommendations for legislative reform are implied to ensure comprehensive protection for all wildlife, including fish.