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Updated: Oct 28, 2025

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Ladies First: Gender Stereotypes Drive Anticipatory Eye-Movements During Incremental Sentence Interpretation.

Ernesto Guerra1, Jasmin Bernotat2,3, Héctor Carvacho4

  • 1Center for Advanced Research in Education, Institute of Education, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

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|July 19, 2021
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Summary

Gender stereotypes influence language prediction, with stronger anticipation for female characters. Explicit gender attitudes did not affect these predictive eye movements in our study.

Keywords:
anticipatory eye movementsexplicit beliefseye trackinggender stereotypeslanguage comprehension

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Real-time language comprehension relies on predicting upcoming words using contextual information and world knowledge.
  • The precise cognitive mechanisms governing predictive language processing, particularly the influence of social factors, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether gender attitudes impact language prediction during sentence processing.
  • To explore how gender stereotypes in visual and auditory stimuli affect anticipatory eye movements in real-time language comprehension.

Main Methods:

  • An eye-tracking experiment was conducted where participants processed passive-voice sentences with gender-stereotypical actions.
  • Participants viewed visual displays featuring male and female characters in gender-stereotypical professions.
  • Explicit gender attitudes were assessed to correlate with observed anticipatory eye movements.

Main Results:

  • Participants' gaze patterns indicated they used gendered information to predict the agent of actions within sentences.
  • Predictive effects were more pronounced for female-stereotypical information compared to male-stereotypical information.
  • No significant relationship was found between participants' explicit gender attitudes and the observed effects on anticipatory eye movements.

Conclusions:

  • Predictive language processing is moderated by gender stereotypes, with a stronger anticipatory bias towards female characters.
  • While gender stereotypes influence prediction, explicit attitudes did not directly mediate this effect in the current experimental setup.
  • Future research should examine the link between implicit gender attitudes and gender-stereotypical sentence processing in multimodal contexts.