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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

58.0K
Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
58.0K
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
22.5K
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

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Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing01:36

Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing

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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

7.5K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
7.5K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

54.4K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency
08:53

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

Published on: September 15, 2021

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U5 snRNA Interactions With Exons Ensure Splicing Precision.

Olga V Artemyeva-Isman1, Andrew C G Porter1

  • 1Gene Targeting Group, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Genetics
|July 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The U5 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) plays a crucial role in maintaining splicing precision by interacting with exon termini. This interaction ensures accurate messenger RNA (mRNA) processing and gene expression regulation.

Keywords:
RNA base pair geometryU1 snRNAU2 snRNAU5 snRNAU6 snRNAgroup II intron retrotranspositionsplice sitessplicing mutations

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Using the E1A Minigene Tool to Study mRNA Splicing Changes
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Gene Expression

Background:

  • Pre-mRNA splicing requires precise recognition of splice sites to produce functional mRNA isoforms.
  • Conserved guanines at exon termini and intron start sites are critical for splicing accuracy.
  • Existing models involving U1 and U6 snRNAs do not fully explain the conservation of exon-end guanines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of U5 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in ensuring splicing precision.
  • To explain the conservation of exon-end guanines through a novel U5 snRNA-based mechanism.
  • To propose a model for the pre-catalytic spliceosome involving U5 snRNA, U6, and U2 snRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human mutation data related to splicing.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) reconstructions of the spliceosome.
  • Statistical analyses of Watson-Crick base pairing between snRNAs and pre-mRNA sequences.
  • X-ray crystallography evidence.

Main Results:

  • A new hypothesis proposes that U5 snRNA binds to exon termini, contributing to splicing precision.
  • Statistical analyses reveal increased U5 snRNA pairing with the 5' exon when the +5G intron site is absent.
  • Evidence suggests U5 snRNA pairs with exon positions +2C/+3G, promoting exon inclusion.
  • The conserved -3C at the 3' intron end likely pairs with U2 snRNA's G31.

Conclusions:

  • Splicing precision is cooperatively maintained by U5, U6, and U2 snRNAs through Watson-Crick base pairing in the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
  • The proposed U5 model explains the functional significance of conserved guanines at exon termini.
  • Findings suggest potential applications for snRNA-based therapeutics and gene repair strategies.