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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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Flushing: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Rekha Ravikumar1, Salil Avasthi1,2, Deepti Avasthi1

  • 1Internal Medicine, Mercy Health - St. Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, USA.

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|July 19, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carcinoid tumors are rare and often diagnosed late. Persistent flushing and diarrhea unresponsive to treatment may indicate neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), even with menopausal symptoms.

Keywords:
carcinoid syndromedelayed diagnosisflushinghot flashesmenopauseneuroendocrine tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Carcinoid tumors are uncommon neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) often diagnosed late due to indolent growth and vague symptoms.
  • Symptoms can overlap with other conditions, delaying diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A case of rectosigmoid carcinoid tumor incidentally found during screening colonoscopy in an elderly woman.
  • Diagnosis was delayed for years due to overlapping symptoms of post-hysterectomy menopause and carcinoid syndrome.

Findings:

  • Persistent episodic flushing and/or diarrhea, unresponsive to standard treatments, should raise suspicion for NETs.
  • The study highlights the challenge of differentiating carcinoid syndrome symptoms from menopausal symptoms.

Implications:

  • Broadens the differential diagnosis for menopausal symptoms to include NETs.
  • Emphasizes the importance of recognizing characteristic NET symptoms for earlier diagnosis and improved patient outcomes.