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A study of diffraction-based chitosan leaky waveguide (LW) biosensors.

Ruchi Gupta1, Nicholas J Goddard

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. r.gupta.3@bham.ac.uk.

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Chitosan hydrogels enable reproducible diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) for biosensing. These waveguides show promise for detecting analytes, even with interferents present, paving the way for sensitive and reliable diagnostic tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Optical Biosensing
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) require specific material properties for the waveguide layer, including low refractive index, analyte permeability, spin-coating deposition, and functionalization capabilities.
  • Chitosan hydrogel thin films meet these material requirements, making them a suitable candidate for LW fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reproducibility of diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) utilizing chitosan hydrogel thin films.
  • To evaluate the refractive index sensitivity (RIS) and limit of detection (LOD) of these chitosan-based LWs.
  • To assess the performance of chitosan LWs in detecting analytes in the presence of potential interferents.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) using chitosan hydrogel thin films.
  • Characterization of waveguide properties, including refractive index sensitivity (RIS) and limit of detection (LOD).
  • Demonstration of analyte detection using a biotin-anti-biotin antibody system in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an interferent.

Main Results:

  • The average refractive index sensitivity (RIS) was 125.5 ± 3.8 deg RIU-1, and the RI limit of detection (LOD) was 1.9 × 10-6 ± 1.3 × 10-6 RIU.
  • Challenges such as film adhesion, microfluidic bubble formation, and pump pulsations were identified as areas for improvement to reduce RI LOD variations.
  • Chitosan LWs demonstrated a minimal baseline shift (3.6%) in the presence of physiological levels of bovine serum albumin (BSA), indicating robustness against interferents.

Conclusions:

  • Diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) fabricated with chitosan hydrogels are reproducible and suitable for biosensing applications.
  • While challenges remain in optimizing reproducibility, chitosan LWs show potential for monitoring analyte binding even in complex biological samples.
  • Further improvements in film adhesion and microfluidic system stability are recommended for enhanced performance and reduced variations in limit of detection.