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Updated: Oct 27, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
Published on: August 24, 2017
Neuroinflammation and Tinnitus
Abraham Shulman1, Weihua Wang2, Hao Luo3
1Department of Otolaryngology, State University New York-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA. abe.shulman1@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Neuroinflammation is the central nervous system's response to: injury, infection, and abnormal neural activity. Inflammatory processes are known to mediate many diseases, and recently evidence indicates that neuroinflammation underlies hearing disorders such as presbyacusis, middle-ear disease, ototoxicity, noise-induced hearing loss, and tinnitus. This chapter provides a review of the role of neuroinflammation in the etiology and treatment of tinnitus. Specifically, our research team has demonstrated that both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and calpain signaling pathways are involved in noise-induced tinnitus and that blocking them yielded therapeutic effects on tinnitus. Other efforts such as controlling acute inflammatory response via specialized pro-resolving mediators may help provide insight into preventing and treating tinnitus-related inflammatory processes.
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