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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Oriented Attachment Strategy Toward Enhancing Ionic Conductivity in Garnet-Type Electrolytes for Solid-State Lithium

Zhiwei Qin1, Yuming Xie1, Xiangchen Meng1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances solid-state lithium battery electrolytes using La2O3 nanoparticles. The new method improves ionic conductivity and density for stable, high-performance solid-state lithium batteries.

Keywords:
Li-garnetdense ceramicoriented attachmentsolid electrolytesolid-state battery

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) offer high energy density and stability but suffer from low ionic conductivity and density in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs).
  • Conventional preparation methods for garnet-type SSEs like Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) limit their practical application due to insufficient room-temperature performance.
  • Addressing these limitations is crucial for advancing SSLB technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the Li-ion conductivity and density of garnet-type SSEs for improved SSLB performance.
  • To investigate the effect of introducing La2O3 nanoparticles on the microstructure and ion transport properties of LLZTO.
  • To demonstrate the potential of the developed SSE in practical SSLB devices.

Main Methods:

  • An oriented attachment strategy was employed using La2O3 nanoparticles to modify the ZrO2(Ta2O5) matrix in LLZTO.
  • The synthesis involved controlled doping with 10 wt% La2O3 to promote epitaxial growth and create continuous Li-ion transport pathways.
  • Characterization included ionic conductivity measurements, density analysis, and electrochemical cycling performance evaluation of SSLBs with LiFePO4 cathodes.

Main Results:

  • The addition of La2O3 nanoparticles facilitated oriented attachment and epitaxial growth, leading to a densified interface with 97.3% relative density.
  • The optimized SSE achieved a maximum Li-ion conductivity of 8.20 × 10^-4 S·cm^-1 at room temperature.
  • SSLBs utilizing the enhanced SSE demonstrated stable cycling with a discharge capacity of 123.1 mA·h·g^-1 and 99.2% Coulombic efficiency after 300 cycles at 0.5C.

Conclusions:

  • The oriented attachment strategy with La2O3 nanoparticles effectively enhances the ionic conductivity and density of garnet-type SSEs.
  • This approach provides a feasible route to high-performance SSEs for practical solid-state lithium batteries.
  • The results indicate significant progress towards overcoming key challenges in SSLB development.