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Related Concept Videos

Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

Three-Compartment Open Model

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The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
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Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models01:14

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Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems01:22

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Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...
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Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:28

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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

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Exploring Multiple Perspectives on Pharmacy Students' Readiness for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Katherine Gruenberg1, Stephanie Hsia2, Bridget O'Brien3

  • 1University of California San Francisco, School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California Katherine.Gruenberg@UCSF.edu.

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
|July 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacy student readiness for advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) involves learner traits, workplace engagement, and relationships. Evaluating workplace readiness is also crucial for successful APPEs.

Keywords:
academicachievementeducationpharmacysuccess

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Education
  • Workplace Learning
  • Qualitative Research

Background:

  • Understanding pharmacy students' readiness for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) is essential for effective clinical training.
  • Existing knowledge gaps regarding the multifaceted nature of APPE readiness necessitate stakeholder-informed perspectives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the perspectives of APPE students, preceptors, and faculty site directors on APPE readiness.
  • To identify key themes and characteristics defining APPE readiness from multiple stakeholder viewpoints.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive qualitative study employing semi-structured focus groups and interviews.
  • Data collection involved APPE students, preceptors, and faculty site directors between March and September 2019.
  • Directed content analysis was used to analyze the collected qualitative data.

Main Results:

  • APPE readiness was conceptualized as multifaceted, encompassing learner characteristics, workplace activity participation, relationship-building, and supportive workplace practices.
  • Faculty and preceptors emphasized learner characteristics, whereas students highlighted workplace participation and relationship-building.
  • Discrepancies in stakeholder focus suggest a need for comprehensive readiness assessments.

Conclusions:

  • Beyond knowledge, APPE readiness requires specific learner characteristics, active workplace participation, and strong relational skills.
  • The difficulty in pre-APPE assessment of these criteria underscores the importance of robust student orientation.
  • A holistic approach to APPE readiness should also evaluate the preparedness of the learning environment, including preceptors and administrators.