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Microbe-dependent heterosis in maize.

Maggie R Wagner1,2, Clara Tang3, Fernanda Salvato3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; maggie.r.wagner@ku.edu mkleine@ncsu.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hybrid vigor in maize is significantly influenced by soil microbes. Removing microbes can reduce hybrid performance, but adding specific bacteria can restore hybrid vigor, highlighting an ecological factor in crop improvement.

Keywords:
endophyteshybrid vigormaizemicrobiomerhizosphere

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Agricultural science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Hybridization in crops like maize results in offspring (F1) outperforming parents, a phenomenon known as heterosis or hybrid vigor.
  • Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of heterosis remain incompletely understood, with current hypotheses focusing on genetic and molecular factors.
  • While abiotic stressors are known to affect heterosis, the role of soil microbes has been largely overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the belowground microbial environment on heterosis in maize.
  • To determine if soil microbes play a significant role in the expression of hybrid vigor in crop plants.

Main Methods:

  • Maize plants (inbred lines and F1 hybrids) were grown under varying microbial conditions, including sterile environments, inoculation with specific bacterial communities, and different soil treatments (autoclaved, steamed, fumigated).
  • Root biomass and other growth traits were measured to assess heterosis.
  • Experiments were conducted in growth chambers and field sites with different soil compositions and environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Maize heterosis, particularly for root biomass, was found to be strongly dependent on the belowground microbial environment.
  • Under sterile conditions, inbred lines sometimes performed comparably to F1 hybrids, with heterosis being restored upon inoculation with a simple bacterial community.
  • Soil microbial treatments (sterilization, autoclaving, steaming) differentially affected heterosis, with effects varying based on soil composition and environment, indicating a complex interaction.

Conclusions:

  • Soil microbes play a critical, often overlooked, role in the expression of heterosis in maize.
  • The impact of microbes on heterosis is context-dependent, varying with microbial community composition and environmental factors.
  • This study reveals an ecological mechanism influencing crop hybrid performance, opening new avenues for agricultural research and breeding strategies.