Mitochondria-Targeting Enhanced Phototherapy by Intrinsic Characteristics Engineered "One-for-All" Nanoparticles

Mitochondria-targeted synergistic therapy, including photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has aroused wide attention due to the high sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat shock of mitochondria. However, most of the developed nanosystems for the combinatorial functions require the integration of different components, such as photosensitizers and mitochondria-targeted molecules. Consequently, it indispensably requires sophisticated design and complex synthetic procedures. In this work, a well-designed Bi₂S₃-based nanoneedle, that localizes to mitochondria and produces extra ROS with inherent photothermal effect, was reported by doping of Fe (denoted as FeBS). The engineered intrinsic characteristics certify the capacity of such "one-for-all" nanosystems without additional molecules. The lipophilicity and surface positive charge are demonstrated as crucial factors for specifical mitochondria targeting. Significantly, Fe doping overcomes the disadvantage of the narrow band gap of Bi₂S₃ to prevent the fast recombination of electron-hole, hence resulting in the generation of ROS for PDT. The "one-for-all" nanoparticles integrate with mitochondria-targeting and synergistic effect of PDT and PTT, thus exhibit enhanced therapeutic effect and inhibit the growth of tumors observably. This strategy may open a new direction in designing the mitochondria-targeted materials and broadening the properties of inorganic semiconductor materials for satisfactory therapeutic outcomes.