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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Type 2 diabetes in pediatrics.

Elena Fornari1, Fabrizio Barbetti2, Dario Iafusco3

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Minerva Pediatrics
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes in adolescents is a growing global concern requiring early diagnosis and specialized care. Pediatric diabetes units and family involvement are crucial for effective management and preventing complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Adolescent type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rising global health issue.
  • Accurate diagnosis is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with type 1 diabetes and monogenic forms.
  • Awareness of youth-onset T2D specificities is vital for correct clinical identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of type 2 diabetes in adolescents.
  • To highlight the importance of early detection and specialized care pathways.
  • To emphasize the need for a comprehensive, family-centered approach to pediatric T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science).
  • Inclusion of diverse study types (reviews, RCTs, case reports) published May 2018-February 2021.
  • Keywords focused on type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, encompassing epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and complications.

Main Results:

  • Obesity complicates diagnosis, necessitating a systematic approach.
  • Microvascular and chronic complications are frequent at diagnosis and require regular screening.
  • Childhood T2D requires follow-up by specialized pediatric diabetes units to prevent diagnostic errors.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for tailoring treatment to pediatric patients' needs.
  • Treatment must involve the entire family, addressing lifestyle, medication, psychological factors, and comorbidities.
  • A structured transition to adult care is critical for long-term management.