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Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
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Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

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Published on: April 16, 2018

Re-Entrant Conformation Transition in Hydrogels.

¹Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 21, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Smart hydrogels exhibit volume phase transitions, with re-entrant phenomena observed in specific water-cosolvent mixtures. This behavior requires hydrophobically modified networks and moderate hydrogen-bonding cosolvents, expanding hydrogel applications.

Keywords:

cosolvency hydrophobically modified hydrogels polymer–solvent interactions re-entrant volume phase transition stimuli responsive hydrogels

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Area of Science:

Polymer Science
Materials Science
Soft Matter Physics

Background:

Hydrogels are versatile materials for applications and theoretical studies of polymer chain conformation changes.
Smart hydrogels, characterized by discontinuous volume phase transitions, emerged from Dusek's theory and Tanaka's experiments.
Ionic hydrogels exhibit discontinuous volume phase transitions due to stimuli-induced changes in the polymer-solvent interaction parameter (χ).

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the challenging observation of discontinuous volume phase transitions in nonionic hydrogels and organogels.
To investigate the re-entrant phenomenon in hydrogels, where they transition between swollen and collapsed states.
To identify the necessary conditions for re-entrant conformation transitions in hydrogels within water-cosolvent mixtures.

Main Methods:

Review of experimental results on hydrogel behavior in response to external stimuli.
Analysis of polymer-solvent interactions, focusing on the polymer concentration-dependent χ parameter.
Investigation of competitive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions in water-cosolvent systems.

Main Results:

Discontinuous volume phase transitions in nonionic systems remain challenging, requiring specific polymer-solvent interactions.
The re-entrant phenomenon in hydrogels involves sequential collapse and reswelling as environmental parameters change.
Re-entrant transitions in water-cosolvent mixtures are driven by competitive interactions between the polymer, water, and cosolvent.

Conclusions:

Hydrogel re-entrant conformation transitions necessitate hydrophobically modified hydrophilic networks.
Moderate hydrogen-bonding cosolvents with competitive attractions to water and polymer are crucial for re-entrant behavior.
The re-entrant phenomenon significantly broadens the potential applications of hydrogels in advanced devices like sensors and switches.