Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

296
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
296
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

722
CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
722
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

869
Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
869
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

2.5K
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
2.5K
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

459
Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
459
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

250
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
250

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Social Determinants of Health and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Beyond Fixed Thresholds: Optimizing Summaries of Wearable Device Data via Piecewise Linearization of Quantile Functions.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same author

Sparse Semiparametric Discriminant Analysis for High-dimensional Zero-inflated Data.

Journal of machine learning research : JMLR·2026
Same author

Associations of accelerometry-derived time in major activity intensities with cognitive outcomes: a compositional data analysis approach.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·2026
Same author

Impact of Missing Data and Monitoring Duration on Downstream Analyses in Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Diabetes care·2026
Same author

Do Immediate Perioperative Glucose Measurements Predict Outcomes in Non-Elective Pedal Amputation?

Foot & ankle specialist·2026
Same journal

Epcoritamab Step-Up Dosing Regimen Selection and Optimization Using Repeated Time-to-Event Modeling for Cytokine Release Syndrome Risk Mitigation.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

From Executor to Orchestrator: The Pharmacology Scientist in the Age of Agentic AI.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

The Future of Clinical Pharmacology: The Right Medicine at the Right Dose for Each Patient.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Effects of Trimethoprim on Three Previously Proposed Putative Biomarkers for OCT2/MATE-Mediated Renal Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Volunteers.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Clinical Characterization of Enzyme and Transporter Precipitants to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions for Orforglipron, a Small Molecule Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Symposium Report: Stakeholders' Perspectives on Phase 1 Trials in Japanese Prior to Multi-Regional Clinical Trials and Future Pathways.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data
04:13

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Published on: November 13, 2019

12.4K

Methadone Destabilizes Cardiac Repolarization During Sleep.

Soroosh Solhjoo1, Naresh M Punjabi2, Andrada E Ivanescu3

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|July 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methadone use increases cardiac repolarization instability during sleep, particularly in patients experiencing sleep-related hypoxemia. This finding may explain increased nocturnal mortality risks associated with methadone therapy.

More Related Videos

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice
06:23

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Published on: September 22, 2020

5.6K
Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data
04:13

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Published on: November 13, 2019

12.4K
A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice
06:23

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Published on: September 22, 2020

5.6K
Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Methadone is prescribed for chronic pain and opioid addiction.
  • Methadone is linked to respiratory depression and potentially fatal arrhythmias like torsades de pointes.
  • Most methadone-related deaths occur during sleep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if methadone's arrhythmogenic effects intensify during sleep.
  • To assess cardiac repolarization instability using the QT variability index (QTVI).

Main Methods:

  • Compared sleep study data of 24 methadone patients with 48 controls (24 clinic, 24 community).
  • Analyzed QTVI, heart rate variability, corrected QT interval, and oxygen saturation (SpO2).

Main Results:

  • Methadone patients exhibited higher QTVI and lower SpO2 during sleep compared to controls.
  • Increased QTVI during sleep correlated with decreased SpO2 in methadone users.
  • Higher methadone doses correlated with increased QTVI.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic methadone use is associated with heightened cardiac repolarization instability.
  • Sleep-related hypoxemia may mediate methadone's pro-arrhythmic effects.
  • Findings suggest a mechanism for increased nocturnal mortality in methadone patients.