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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Mild to moderate decrease in eGFR and cognitive decline in older adults.

Michael Grasing1, Kevin Kennedy2, Mark J Sarnak3

  • 1University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|July 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mild to moderately low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) did not show an association with cognitive decline in older adults. This study analyzed cognitive changes in relation to baseline eGFR in participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI).

Keywords:
CKDcognitioneGFRkidney functionolder adults

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Geriatrics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The relationship between mild to moderate reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and cognitive decline in older adults remains unclear.
  • Investigating this association is crucial for understanding multifactorial risks in cognitive aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and longitudinal changes in cognitive function.
  • To assess cognitive decline in memory and executive function in relation to eGFR levels in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal secondary analysis of data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort.
  • Utilized multivariable linear regression to analyze the relationship between baseline eGFR and cognitive composite scores (ADNI-Mem, ADNI-EF), adjusting for age, sex, race, and education.
  • Included 1127 participants with comprehensive neuropsychological testing over a mean follow-up of 6 years.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive scores for memory (ADNI-Mem) and executive function (ADNI-EF) declined over the study period.
  • Older age and lower education were significantly associated with cognitive decline in both memory and executive function.
  • No significant association was found between baseline eGFR and the decline in either ADNI-Mem (P=0.11) or ADNI-EF (P=0.84) scores.

Conclusions:

  • In this cohort from the ADNI study, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was not associated with cognitive decline in older adults.
  • The findings suggest that mild to moderate kidney function impairment, as measured by eGFR, may not be a significant predictor of cognitive decline in this population.