Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

41.2K
People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
41.2K
Groupthink01:34

Groupthink

46.7K
When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
46.7K
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

14.5K
During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
14.5K
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

92.8K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
92.8K
Impact of Groups on Groups01:19

Impact of Groups on Groups

70
Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
70
Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

28.5K
Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
28.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Recent Advances in Vanadium-Based Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2026
Same author

Double-Sided Mechanical Interlocking Enables Soft-Rigid Conductive Interfaces With a Record High Toughness for Flexible Electronics.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Adaptive shifts in amygdala-hippocampal theta coupling govern aversive learning and extinction.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Framework-Based Ion-Conductive Interfaces Toward Stabilizing Zn Metal for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Case Report: Rare Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter Cloacae Complicated by Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Elderly Patient with Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Treated with Osimertinib.

Infection and drug resistance·2026
Same author

Recent advances in lithium metal protective strategies with a stable interface.

Nanoscale horizons·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

871

Favored outgroup can eliminate the ingroup reference effect.

Qiong Li1, Ting Liang2, Chunyan Cao3

  • 1School of Humanities and Foreign Languages, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, China.

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
|July 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Preferred outgroups can eliminate the ingroup reference effect, where people remember ingroup information better. When participants favored an outgroup, this memory bias disappeared, showing social preference overrides group identity.

Keywords:
Group selfgroup-reference effectoutgroup favoritismself

More Related Videos

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.8K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research
05:03

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research

Published on: December 15, 2023

4.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 27, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

871
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.8K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research
05:03

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research

Published on: December 15, 2023

4.4K

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Ingroup favoritism leads to better recall of ingroup information compared to outgroup information.
  • The ingroup reference effect describes this memory advantage for one's own group.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if favoring an outgroup can diminish the ingroup reference effect.
  • To understand the psychological mechanisms underlying group reference effects and social bias.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using university students and rural/urban participants.
  • Experiments manipulated reference groups (university, household registration) and social preference (ingroup vs. outgroup favoritism).
  • Recognition rates for ingroup and outgroup information were measured.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 confirmed the ingroup reference effect without outgroup favoritism.
  • Experiment 2 demonstrated that outgroup favoritism eliminated the ingroup reference effect.
  • Experiments 3 and 4 replicated these findings using different reference group classifications.

Conclusions:

  • The ingroup reference effect is not absolute and can be overridden by strong preferences for outgroups.
  • Social preference plays a critical role in modulating memory biases related to group identity.