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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Interventions for the prevention of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.

Katie E Webster1, Lisa O'Byrne2, Samuel MacKeith3

  • 1Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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Early interventions for COVID-19-related smell loss are uncertain. A review found very limited evidence on intranasal corticosteroids, with no clear benefit for smell recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Loss of smell is a common COVID-19 symptom, often temporary but sometimes persistent.
  • The efficacy of early interventions to prevent long-term olfactory dysfunction is unknown.
  • This living systematic review aims to assess treatments for post-COVID-19 smell loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of interventions for preventing persistent olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19.
  • To maintain an up-to-date evidence base through a living systematic review approach.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for post-COVID-19 olfactory disturbance.
  • Included participants with symptoms less than four weeks, comparing interventions to no treatment or placebo.
  • Searched multiple databases up to December 16, 2020.

Main Results:

  • One RCT with 100 participants compared intranasal corticosteroids to no intervention, with both groups receiving olfactory training.
  • Evidence is very uncertain regarding the effect of intranasal corticosteroids on self-rated smell recovery (RR 1.19, very low certainty).
  • No data were available for serious adverse effects; self-rated smell scores at three weeks were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Very limited evidence exists on interventions to prevent persistent olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19.
  • A single study showed very low-certainty evidence for intranasal corticosteroids, preventing no definitive conclusion on their efficacy or harm.
  • Ongoing studies will be incorporated into future updates of this living systematic review.