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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Genome-wide Analysis of HDAC Inhibitor-mediated Modulation of microRNAs and mRNAs in B Cells Induced to Undergo Class-switch DNA Recombination and Plasma Cell Differentiation
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Exploring epigenetic and microRNA approaches for γ-globin gene regulation.

Athena Starlard-Davenport1, Ashley Fitzgerald1, Betty S Pace2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|July 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Targeting epigenetic mechanisms offers a promising strategy for treating sickle cell disease by increasing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and reducing harmful sickle hemoglobin. Further research is needed to determine the clinical efficacy of these novel therapeutic pathways.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticsfetal hemoglobinhistone acetylationmicroRNAsickle cell disease

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Sickle cell disease (SCD) complications can be ameliorated by increasing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and decreasing sickle hemoglobin (HbS).
  • Hydroxyurea is a current treatment, but new therapies are needed for β-hemoglobinopathies.
  • HbF induction targets the γ-globin to β-globin switch, regulated by chromatin remodeling and DNA-binding proteins like KLF1 and BCL11A at the HBB locus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating γ-globin gene expression.
  • To evaluate current drug development data for epigenetic therapies in SCD.
  • To assess the potential of epigenetic pathway modulation for clinical SCD therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and experimental data.
  • Analysis of findings from cell culture, animal models, and clinical trials.
  • Critical evaluation of epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone acetylation/methylation, microRNA) in γ-globin gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, play a significant role in developmental silencing of the γ-globin gene.
  • Experimental data from various models support the potential of targeting epigenetic pathways for HbF induction.
  • Current data highlights the need for further investigation into the efficacy and specificity of these approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial regulators of the γ-globin to β-globin switch.
  • Modulating epigenetic pathways presents a potential therapeutic avenue for SCD and other β-hemoglobinopathies.
  • Further research is essential to establish the clinical utility and safety of epigenetic therapies for inducing fetal hemoglobin.