You'll see it when you know it: granulomatous mastitis

Area of Science:

• Radiology
• Oncology
• Pathology

Background:

• Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is frequently under-recognized and under-diagnosed.
• Patients often present with painful breast masses, nipple retraction, and skin changes, mimicking other breast pathologies.
• Misdiagnosis can lead to invasive procedures and complications like fistulae.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of granulomatous mastitis.
• To discuss BI-RADS reporting parameters and diagnostic challenges associated with GM.
• To emphasize the importance of early and accurate diagnosis by emergency radiologists.

Main Methods:

• This is a pictorial essay reviewing existing literature and imaging findings.
• Focus on clinical presentation, sonographic appearance, and differential diagnoses.
• Discussion of BI-RADS reporting and diagnostic pitfalls.

Main Results:

• Granulomatous mastitis presents with specific clinical and imaging features.
• Typical sonographic findings can aid in confident diagnosis.
• Understanding differential diagnoses is crucial for appropriate management.

Conclusions:

• Early and accurate diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis is essential.
• A classic history and typical sonographic appearance empower emergency radiologists to diagnose GM confidently.
• Timely diagnosis prevents complications arising from misdiagnosis and unnecessary interventions.