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Related Experiment Video

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IgY Technology: Extraction of Chicken Antibodies from Egg Yolk by Polyethylene Glycol PEG Precipitation

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Published on: May 1, 2011

Cuba-U.S. scientific collaboration: Beyond the embargo.

Guillermo Armando Ronda-Pupo^1,2

¹Coordinación General de Desarrollo Estratégico y Calidad, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile.

|July 22, 2021

Summary

Despite U.S. embargoes, scientific collaboration between Cuba and the U.S. has grown significantly. Science diplomacy fostered partnerships, demonstrating its power to bridge political divides.

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Area of Science:

International scientific collaboration
Biotechnology, Meteorology, and Public Health research
Science diplomacy

Background:

Cuba and the U.S. possess the oldest Academies of Sciences outside Europe, with a shared history of scientific cooperation since the 1800s.
Geographical proximity and aligned research interests in key areas like Biotechnology, Meteorology, and Public Health foster collaboration.
The U.S. embargo, established in 1961, presents significant barriers to scientific exchange between the two nations.

Observation:

Bibliometric analysis of joint publications (1980-2020) in Web of Science and Scopus reveals sustained growth in Cuba-U.S. scientific collaboration.
A 1980 agreement between the Smithsonian Institution and Cuba's Academy of Sciences notably boosted collaborative efforts.
President Obama's 2015 policy shift towards normalizing relations significantly enhanced joint scientific output.

Findings:

Cuba-U.S. scientific collaboration has shown consistent growth over four decades.
Specific policy changes and agreements have demonstrably increased joint publications and research partnerships.
By 2020, Cuba had established scientific links with 80% of global countries, indicating expanded international reach.

Implications:

Scientific collaboration can serve as an effective channel for diplomacy, transforming adversaries into partners.
The resilience of this scientific collaboration system warrants examination amidst potential future political restrictions.
Understanding the impact of U.S. policy on scientific institutions is crucial for future international research endeavors.