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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
804
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy
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Metabolic Seizures.

Mohammed Almannai1, Rabah A Al Mahmoud2,3, Mohammed Mekki2,4

  • 1Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Frontiers in Neurology
|July 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic diseases are a key consideration in pediatric seizures, especially in unexplained or refractory cases. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of metabolic seizures can prevent serious complications.

Keywords:
epilepsyinborn errors of metabolismmetabolic diseasesmitochondrial diseasesseizures

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Epilepsy Syndromes

Background:

  • Metabolic diseases are treatable causes of seizures in children.
  • Early intervention can lead to seizure control and prevent complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of considering metabolic diseases in pediatric seizures.
  • To outline specific clinical scenarios suggestive of metabolic seizures.
  • To detail the diverse range of metabolic disorders causing seizures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations associated with metabolic seizures.
  • Categorization of metabolic disorders implicated in pediatric epilepsy.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic urgency and therapeutic implications.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic seizures warrant consideration in unexplained neonatal seizures, refractory epilepsy, and cases with specific triggers or associated features.
  • Diverse metabolic pathways, including amino acid, energy, cofactor, purine/pyrimidine, glycosylation, lysosomal, and peroxisomal disorders, can underlie seizures.
  • Timely diagnosis is crucial for effective management.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic diseases are a critical differential diagnosis in pediatric seizures.
  • Recognizing specific clinical clues aids in identifying metabolic seizures.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of metabolic seizures are essential for optimal patient outcomes.