Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

5.4K
Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
5.4K
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

49.3K
Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
49.3K
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

5.0K
GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
5.0K
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

7.5K
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
7.5K
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

7.7K
The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
7.7K
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

3.5K
Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
3.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Families as Targets to Treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Beyond PDE5 Inhibitors?

Cells·2025
Same author

Distinct functions of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors in the T-tubule vs<i>.</i> outer surface membrane.

eLife·2025
Same author

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as drug targets.

Pharmacological reviews·2025
Same author

Cardiac Gene Therapy With Phosphodiesterase 2A Limits Remodeling and Arrhythmias in Mouse Models of Heart Failure.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2025
Same author

Cardiac acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have distinct localization and function.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2025
Same author

Essential Role of the RIα Subunit of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in Regulating Cardiac Contractility and Heart Failure Development.

Circulation·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection
08:52

Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection

Published on: February 17, 2015

9.9K

Cyclic nucleotide signaling and pacemaker activity.

Delphine Mika1, Rodolphe Fischmeister1

  • 1Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S, 1180, Châtenay-Malabry, France.

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
|July 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The sinoatrial node (SAN), the heart's natural pacemaker, is regulated by cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP. This review details how these signaling molecules and their associated phosphodiesterases (PDEs) control heart rate.

Keywords:
Cyclic nucleotidesHeart ratePDEsPacemakerPhosphodiesterases

More Related Videos

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice
09:20

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice

Published on: July 5, 2021

3.2K
Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice
09:32

Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice

Published on: October 23, 2016

13.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection
08:52

Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection

Published on: February 17, 2015

9.9K
Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice
09:20

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice

Published on: July 5, 2021

3.2K
Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice
09:32

Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice

Published on: October 23, 2016

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The sinoatrial node (SAN) acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses for each heartbeat.
  • Autonomic nervous system, circulating factors, and local mediators tightly control SAN activity.
  • Neurohumoral regulation of heart rate is vital for integrating bodily functions and adapting to environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of cyclic nucleotide signaling in regulating cardiac pacemaking.
  • To provide an updated overview of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in modulating SAN function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on cyclic nucleotides and cardiac pacemaking.
  • Focus on intracellular signaling pathways involving cAMP and cGMP.
  • Analysis of the involvement of specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in SAN activity.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) are key intracellular mediators in modulating SAN automaticity.
  • Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a critical role in regulating intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP.
  • Dysregulation of these pathways can significantly impact heart rate and cardiac function.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways are essential for the precise control of cardiac pacemaking.
  • Targeting PDEs offers a potential therapeutic strategy for modulating heart rate.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms advances our knowledge of cardiac electrophysiology and potential treatments.