Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.5K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.5K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.2K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.2K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.0K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.0K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.0K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
4.0K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.8K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.8K
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:07

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

974
Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling.  This phenomenon, called the Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring...
974

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: molecular clonal evolution and its clinical consequences.

Haematologica·2026
Same author

Statescope: an integrative deconvolution framework for discovering cell states in tumors.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Spatial analysis of malignant-immune cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment using topological data analysis.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same author

Site-dependent Treg cell transcriptional reprogramming in a metastatic colorectal cancer model holds prognostic significance.

Cancer letters·2026
Same author

TAR syndrome causal gene RBM8A is critical for embryonic bone development and proper Hedgehog signaling.

Research square·2026
Same author

TAR syndrome causal gene <i>RBM8A</i> is critical for embryonic bone development and proper Hedgehog signaling.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

6.4K

Hydrazine Radiolysis by Gamma-Ray in the N2H4-Cu+-HNO3 System.

Naon Chang1,2, Huijun Won2, Sangyoon Park2

  • 1Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Gamma-ray irradiation of hydrazine (N2H4) decontamination solutions reveals that copper (Cu+) and nitric acid (HNO3) significantly impact hydrazine decomposition. The study elucidates the complex radiolytic decomposition mechanisms, crucial for nuclear power plant safety.

Keywords:
copper ionhydrazineirradiationnitrate ionradiolysisγ-ray

More Related Videos

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
12:19

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Published on: November 29, 2018

8.6K
On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
07:49

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

6.4K
Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
12:19

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Published on: November 29, 2018

8.6K
On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
07:49

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Radiochemistry
  • Chemical Decontamination

Background:

  • Radiolysis of chemical agents is a critical process during nuclear power plant decontamination.
  • Understanding the decomposition of hydrazine (N2H4) in the presence of specific ions is essential for optimizing decontamination strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of copper(I) ions (Cu+) and nitric acid (HNO3) on the radiolysis of hydrazine (N2H4).
  • To elucidate the decomposition mechanism of N2H4 in a N2H4-Cu+-HNO3 solution under gamma-ray irradiation.

Main Methods:

  • Gamma-ray irradiation of N2H4-Cu+-HNO3 solutions using a Co-60 high-dose irradiator.
  • Analysis of N2H4 residues using Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy.
  • Quantification of ammonium ions (NH4+) via ion chromatography.

Main Results:

  • Cu+ ions form complexes with N2H4, initiating its decomposition into intermediates.
  • Acidic conditions (H+) and hydrated electrons (eaq-) generate radicals that accelerate N2H4 decomposition.
  • Nitrate ions (NO3-) provide additional pathways promoting N2H4 decomposition through reactions with N2H4●+ and NO● radicals.

Conclusions:

  • A detailed radiolytic decomposition mechanism for N2H4 in the N2H4-Cu+-HNO3 system was proposed.
  • The findings contribute to a better understanding of chemical agent behavior under irradiation for nuclear applications.