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The skinfold: myth and reality.
J P Clarys1, A D Martin, D T Drinkwater
1Experimental Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
Journal of Sports Sciences
|January 1, 1987
Summary
Body fat estimation using skinfold measurements is complex. Skinfold compressibility varies, and skin thickness significantly impacts accuracy, challenging its reliability for assessing body composition.
Area of Science:
- Human Anatomy
- Body Composition Analysis
- Biometrics
Background:
- The widespread use of skinfold measurements for body composition analysis stems from their non-invasive nature and ease of access to subcutaneous adipose tissue.
- Existing skinfold formulae and applications are numerous, yet their accuracy in reflecting true body composition remains a subject of investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically evaluate the accuracy and limitations of skinfold measurements as a method for body composition analysis.
- To investigate the variability in skinfold compressibility and the influence of skin thickness on measurement outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Two cadaver dissection studies were conducted, generating over 2500 data points per cadaver from 32 individuals.
- Macro-morphological comparisons were made between the cadaver population and 40 elderly living subjects to ensure population relevance.
- Skinfold thickness, adipose tissue distribution, and skin thickness were meticulously analyzed.
Main Results:
- Data revealed that skinfold compressibility is not constant and significantly varies.
- Significant sex differences in adipose tissue patterning were observed, with a notable emphasis on the underappreciated role of skin thickness.
- The predictive value of standard skinfold measurements for overall body fat was found to be limited due to variations in fat concentration within adipose tissue and the influence of external versus internal fat depots.
Conclusions:
- Skidfold measurements are primarily related to subcutaneous adipose tissue, but their correlation with internal adipose tissue and intramuscular adiposity is not well-established.
- The inherent variability in skinfold compressibility and the significant impact of skin thickness necessitate a cautious approach when using these measurements for precise body composition assessment.
- Current skinfold methodologies may not be optimal for accurately predicting body fat content due to confounding factors like tissue compressibility and fat concentration.