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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

Published on: August 12, 2021

Integrating Stereoscopic Video with Modular 3D Anatomic Models for Lateral Skull Base Training.

Samuel R Barber¹, Saurabh Jain², Young-Jun Son²

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States.

Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base

|July 26, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a virtual reality (VR) application integrating stereoscopic surgical videos with interactive 3D anatomical models. This novel tool enhances surgical training for complex procedures by allowing trainees to explore patient-specific anatomy.

Keywords:

education lateral skull base stereoscopic video virtual reality virtual simulation

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Last Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

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Published on: August 12, 2021

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Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

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Published on: November 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Medical Simulation
Virtual Reality in Surgery
Anatomical Modeling

Background:

Current virtual reality (VR) technology enables 3D stereoscopic instructional videos.
Integrating 3D anatomical models with VR can simulate surgical procedures for learning and preoperative planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and develop a standalone VR application for surgical training.
The application allows interaction with modular 3D anatomical models synchronized with stereoscopic surgical videos.

Main Methods:

Stereoscopic video was captured using an OPMI Pentero 900 microscope.
3D anatomical models were created by segmenting axial temporal bone computed tomography (DICOM) images.
Models were imported into the Unreal Engine and viewed using an Oculus Go VR headset.

Main Results:

The VR environment enabled simultaneous viewing of stereoscopic video and manipulation of interactive 3D models.
Users could control model transparency, segmentation highlighting, and anatomical labels.
The system allows for 1.1 × 10^12 combinations of patient-specific anatomical structures per DICOM series.

Conclusions:

This research demonstrates the feasibility of combining stereoscopic video with VR simulation.
The developed tool shows potential to significantly assist lateral skull base trainees in navigating complex 3D surgical environments.