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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix
10:37

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Human hepatitis D virus-specific T cell epitopes.

Matin Kohsar1, Johanna Landahl1,2, Christoph Neumann-Haefelin3

  • 1I. Medical Department (Gastroenterology with the Sections Infectiology and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

JHEP Reports : Innovation in Hepatology
|July 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is severe and hard to treat. This review summarizes T cell responses against HDV, highlighting their unclear role in controlling chronic infection.

Keywords:
ADAR1, adenosine deaminases acting on RNAALT, alanine aminotransferaseAST, aspartate aminotransferaseCD4+CD8+ELISpot, enzyme-linked immune spot assayHBVHDAg, hepatitis delta antigenHDVHepatitis DeltaICS, intracellular cytokine stainingIFN-, interferon-L-HDAg, large hepatitis delta antigenMAIT, mucosa-associated invariant T cellsNK cells, natural killer cellsNTCP, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptidePBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cellsPD-1, programmed cell death protein 1PTM, post-translational modificationPeg-IFN-α, pegylated interferon alphaS-HDAg, small hepatitis delta antigenT cellTCF, T cell-specific transcription factorTNFα, tumour necrosis factor-αTh1, T helper 1aa, amino acid(s)cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNAepitopeviral escape

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) for replication and transmission.
  • Chronic co-infection with HBV and HDV leads to severe liver disease and poses treatment challenges.
  • The role of T cell responses in controlling chronic HDV infection remains poorly understood, unlike in other chronic viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and summarize all identified HDV-specific T cell epitopes.
  • To consolidate current knowledge regarding the function of T cells in HDV infection.
  • To identify gaps in understanding the adaptive anti-HDV T cell response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies characterizing HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
  • Compilation of all reported HDV-specific T cell epitopes.
  • Analysis of existing data on T cell roles in chronic HDV infection.

Main Results:

  • Several studies have characterized HDV-specific T cell responses at the peptide level.
  • A comprehensive summary of known HDV T cell epitopes is presented.
  • Current understanding of T cell involvement in HDV infection is detailed.

Conclusions:

  • While tools for studying anti-HDV T cell responses have improved, significant gaps remain.
  • Further research is needed to define HLA restriction, develop MHC tetramers, and assess cross-genotype reactivity of HDV epitopes.
  • Understanding the correlation between HBV- and HDV-specific T cell responses, and the intrahepatic T cell response, is crucial.