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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

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Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan...
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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
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Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway and Cyclopropane Ring Formation Are Dispensable during Enterococcus faecalis

Constantin Hays1,2,3, Clara Lambert1, Sophie Brinster1

  • 1Université de Paris, Institut Cochingrid.462098.1, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.

Journal of Bacteriology
|July 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterococcus faecalis fatty acid synthesis (FASII) and cyclopropanation are not effective antibiotic targets. Genetic studies showed these pathways are dispensable for bacterial growth and virulence in vivo.

Keywords:
Enterococcus faecalisFASII pathwayantibiotic targetcyclopropane ring formationfatty acidssepticemic infection

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Enterococcus faecalis is a multidrug-resistant pathogen causing nosocomial infections.
  • Membrane lipid homeostasis is vital for bacterial survival, adaptation, and virulence.
  • E. faecalis synthesizes unique cyclic fatty acids absent in the human host.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To genetically characterize fatty acid (FA) synthesis and cyclopropanation strategies in E. faecalis.
  • To evaluate the potential of these pathways as antibiotic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic manipulation to create mutant strains deficient in FASII or cyclopropanation.
  • In vitro growth assays in fatty acid-free media.
  • In vivo infection models in mice to assess bacterial loads.

Main Results:

  • Deletion of FASII genes abolished growth in FA-free media, but was rescued by serum.
  • Cyclopropanation mutants produced bacteria lacking cyclic FAs without affecting growth.
  • No significant differences in bacterial loads were observed between wild-type and mutant strains in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Neither the type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway nor the cyclopropanation enzyme are essential for E. faecalis virulence in vivo.
  • These pathways are not suitable targets for developing new antibiotics against E. faecalis infections.