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Updated: Oct 26, 2025
Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
Published on: September 28, 2018
Prediction of Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Laurent Audigé1,2,3, Soheila Aghlmandi2, Cécile Grobet1
1Research and Development, Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland.
Background:
Postoperative shoulder stiffness (POSS) is a prevalent adverse event after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) that is associated with major limitations in everyday activities and prolonged rehabilitation.
Purpose/Hypothesis:
The purpose was to develop a predictive model for determining the risk of POSS within 6 months after primary ARCR. We hypothesized that sufficient discrimination ability of such a model could be achieved using a local institutional database.
Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Consecutive primary ARCRs documented in a local clinical registry between 2013 and 2017 were included, and patients who experienced POSS before the final clinical 6-month follow-up were identified. A total of 29 prognostic factor candidates were considered, including patient-related factors (n = 7), disease-related factors (n = 9), rotator cuff integrity factors (n = 6), and operative details (n = 7). We used imputed data for the primary analysis, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted using complete case data. Logistic regression was applied to develop a model based on clinical relevance and statistical criteria. To avoid overfitting in the multivariable model, highly correlated predictors were not included together in any model. A final prognostic model with a maximum of 8 prognostic factors was considered. The model's predictive accuracy was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping.
Results:
Of 1330 ARCR cases (N = 1330 patients), 112 (8.4%) patients had POSS. Our final model had a moderate predictive ability with an AUC of 0.67. The predicted risks of POSS ranged from 2.3% to 38.9% and were significantly higher in women; patients with partial tears, low baseline passive shoulder abduction, and lack of tendon degeneration; and when no acromioplasty was performed.
Conclusion:
A prognostic model for POSS was developed for patients with ARCR, offering a personalized risk evaluation to support the future decision process for surgery and rehabilitation.
