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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
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A Relationship Between Mortality and Eating Breakfast and Fiber.

Dana E King1, Jun Xiang2

  • 1From the Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505 (DEK, JX). kingdana@wvumedicine.org.

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM
|July 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eating breakfast regularly is linked to lower overall and cardiovascular mortality. Consuming over 25 grams of fiber daily further reduces all-cause mortality risk in breakfast eaters.

Keywords:
BreakfastCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesDietary FiberFeeding BehaviorMortalityNutrition SurveysRegression Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Intermittent fasting and skipping breakfast are explored for weight loss and health benefits.
  • The study investigates the association between regular breakfast consumption and mortality risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if regular breakfast intake is associated with overall mortality.
  • To assess the relationship between regular breakfast intake and cardiovascular mortality.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study utilizing national weighted sample data from NHANES (1999-2002).
  • Outcomes included overall and cardiovascular mortality, with fiber intake as a secondary outcome.
  • Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed for mortality risk.

Main Results:

  • Breakfast eaters (82.9%) had lower overall (HR, 0.69) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.45) compared to non-breakfast eaters.
  • Higher fiber intake (>25 g/day) among breakfast eaters was associated with a 21% reduction in all-cause mortality.
  • Breakfast eaters exhibited healthier characteristics, including lower BMI and higher daily calorie and fiber intake.

Conclusions:

  • Regular breakfast consumption is associated with reduced overall and cardiovascular mortality.
  • Adequate fiber intake, particularly >25 g/day, enhances the mortality benefits of breakfast.
  • Further research on specific breakfast foods and meal timing is recommended.