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Transcription01:10

Transcription

151.4K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
151.4K
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

39.8K
The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
39.8K
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

4.2K
The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

35.5K
Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
35.5K
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

212
Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
212
Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

29.5K
During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter
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Field microenvironments regulate crop diel transcript and metabolite rhythms.

Luíza Lane Barros Dantas1,2, Maíra Marins Dourado1, Natalia Oliveira de Lima1

  • 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.

The New Phytologist
|July 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Field-grown sugarcane exhibits altered metabolic and transcriptional rhythms due to microenvironmental shading. Older plants and those in shaded areas perceive dawn later, affecting key agricultural traits.

Keywords:
Saccharum hybridcircadian clockcropsfield experimentsmicroenvironmentsshadingsugarcane

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Chronobiology
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Plant chronobiology research often occurs in artificial lab settings.
  • Natural field conditions, including microclimates from dense crops like sugarcane, are poorly mimicked in labs.
  • Sugarcane's dense canopy creates unique light and temperature microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metabolic and transcriptional rhythms in field-grown sugarcane.
  • To determine how age and field microenvironments affect sugarcane's circadian rhythms.
  • To understand the impact of self-shading on dawn perception and rhythm phasing.

Main Methods:

  • Assayed metabolic and transcriptional rhythms in 4-month-old and 9-month-old field-grown sugarcane.
  • Measured rhythms of the circadian clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY).
  • Compared LHY rhythms in sugarcane on the east vs. west sides of a field and near a shading wall.

Main Results:

  • Rhythms in 9-month-old sugarcane peaked over an hour later than in 4-month-old plants.
  • LHY rhythm peaks were delayed in sugarcane shaded at dawn (west side of field, beyond a wall).
  • Field microenvironments, specifically dawn shading, alter plant circadian phasing.

Conclusions:

  • Plant circadian rhythms are influenced by localized field microenvironments.
  • Age-related self-shading and external shading delay dawn perception in sugarcane.
  • Varied phasing within a field can impact crucial agronomic traits like flowering and yield.