Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement: A Less Invasive Approach to Treating Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is caused by the disruption of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which results in a buildup of CSF. Hydrocephalus comprises two key categories: communicating and noncommunicating. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus, a type of communicating hydrocephalus, currently has no cure; the main treatment option is ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement surgery. This procedure is performed to reestablish the balance between CSF production, flow, and absorption. Recently, general surgeons have begun assisting the neurosurgeon by placing the distal or abdominal end of the shunt using a laparoscopic technique. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology and treatment options for hydrocephalus; presents a thorough review of the laparoscopic-assisted VPS placement procedure, as well as the expected perioperative course and care considerations; and concludes with a case study of a 68-year-old patient who undergoes a laparoscopic-assisted VPS placement.