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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Layers of the Heart Wall01:15

Layers of the Heart Wall

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The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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The Unpaceable Heart.

James Nadel1, Gayathri Kumarasinghe1, Rajesh Subbiah1,2

  • 1St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

JACC. Case Reports
|July 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flecainide toxicity can significantly impact pacemaker function and pacing ability, affecting surface electrocardiography. This case report discusses flecainide toxicity management in patients with permanent pacemakers.

Keywords:
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenationNa+, sodiumSVT, supraventricular tachycardiaelectrocardiographyflecainidetoxicology

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Flecainide is an antiarrhythmic drug with a narrow therapeutic index.
  • Pacemakers are devices used to treat bradycardia and other heart rhythm disorders.
  • Drug toxicity can potentially interfere with pacemaker function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a case of flecainide toxicity in a patient with a permanent pacemaker.
  • To illustrate the effects of flecainide toxicity on electrocardiography and pacemaker function.
  • To discuss management strategies for flecainide toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of patient's clinical presentation, electrocardiography, and pacemaker data.
  • Discussion of flecainide toxicity and pacemaker management.

Main Results:

  • Flecainide toxicity presented with specific electrocardiographic changes.
  • Pacemaker function was notably affected by flecainide toxicity.
  • Management strategies were considered for the toxic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Flecainide toxicity poses risks to patients with permanent pacemakers.
  • Close monitoring of cardiac function and pacemaker performance is crucial in flecainide toxicity.
  • Appropriate management can mitigate the adverse effects of flecainide toxicity on pacemaker function.