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Updated: Oct 26, 2025
In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: February 25, 2022
4-Dimensional Flow by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Informs Surgical Planning in Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous
Adam Christopher1, Laura Olivieri1, Russell Cross1
1Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
Abstract:
Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance enhances the visualization of blood flow in a 3-dimensional volume throughout the cardiac cycle, thus dramatically improving visualization of pulmonary venous anatomy by cardiac magnetic resonance. We demonstrate the impact of 4-dimensional flow on diagnosis and surgical planning for partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
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