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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

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SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapy.

Kaiming Tao1, Philip L Tzou1, Janin Nouhin1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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Developing effective antiviral therapies for COVID-19 is crucial. This review covers one year of progress in preclinical and clinical drug development, focusing on compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2 replication.

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SARS-CoV-2antiviral therapydrug repurposingmonoclonal antibodynucleoside analogs

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19 remains critical, especially for unvaccinated individuals and those with suboptimal vaccine responses.
  • The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 necessitated urgent development of therapeutic interventions.
  • A comprehensive understanding of antiviral drug development is essential for managing the ongoing pandemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize one year of progress in the development of antiviral therapies for COVID-19.
  • To review preclinical and clinical research on antiviral compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2.
  • To highlight compounds in or prioritized for clinical development.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of preclinical and clinical research on COVID-19 antiviral therapies.
  • Categorization of antiviral compounds based on their mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Emphasis on compounds in clinical development or of high clinical priority.

Main Results:

  • Progress has been made in developing antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2 enzymes (polymerase, proteases).
  • Inhibitors of virus entry, including monoclonal antibodies, have shown promise.
  • Repurposed drugs and interferons are also being investigated for their antiviral effects.
  • Research spans diverse strategies, including targeting viral replication and host-cell interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements have been achieved in COVID-19 antiviral drug development within one year.
  • Lessons learned from SARS-CoV-2 drug development can inform future antiviral research.
  • Challenges remain in continued progress, necessitating ongoing research and clinical evaluation.