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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
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Chordoma.

Veronica Ulici1, Jesse Hart1

  • 1From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|July 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Chordomas are rare axial skeleton cancers. While surgery offers limited success and resistance to traditional treatments, novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies show promise for improved outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Chordomas are uncommon malignant neoplasms originating from the axial skeleton.
  • Optimal treatment involves surgical resection, but high recurrence rates and resistance to radiation/chemotherapy present challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and pathological findings of chordoma subtypes.
  • To discuss differential diagnoses, molecular pathogenesis, and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PubMed, Chordoma Foundation, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
  • Inclusion of authors' practice experience and authoritative texts.

Main Results:

  • Chordomas are histologically unique, requiring careful differential diagnosis.

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  • Conventional treatments yield marginal results, highlighting the need for new approaches.

    • Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for guiding treatment.
    • Novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies offer promising avenues to improve chordoma prognosis.