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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer
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Decrease in handgrip strength in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): is there a sex-related difference?

Nikolino Žura1,2, Marta Vukorepa3, Ivan Jurak2

  • 1Department for Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Rheumatology International
|July 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Men and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have reduced handgrip strength compared to healthy individuals. This difference is more pronounced in men with RA, indicating a significant gender-based disparity in disease impact on grip strength.

Keywords:
Disease progressionHand strengthMuscle strength dynamometerMuscle weaknessRheumatoid arthritisSex characteristics

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Orthopedics
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disproportionately affects women, leading to less research on male disease progression.
  • Existing research on gender's influence on RA clinical outcomes presents conflicting findings.
  • Handgrip strength is a key indicator of upper body function and disease impact in RA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender-based differences in handgrip strength among rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • To compare handgrip strength between male and female RA patients and healthy controls.
  • To analyze the interaction between gender and RA on handgrip strength.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving 100 RA patients and 100 healthy controls (50% male in each group).
  • Handgrip strength was measured bilaterally using a dynamometer.
  • Statistical analysis employed a two-way ANCOVA, with age as a covariate.

Main Results:

  • Both male and female RA patients exhibited significantly lower handgrip strength than healthy individuals.
  • A statistically significant interaction revealed that male RA patients had lower handgrip strength than female RA patients, relative to the healthy group (p < 0.01 for both hands).
  • Effect size calculations indicated a high probability (77%) of males having stronger grip strength than females within the RA cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with diminished handgrip strength in both genders compared to healthy populations.
  • The study highlights a previously underreported finding: the reduction in handgrip strength is more pronounced in men with RA.
  • These results underscore the importance of considering gender-specific impacts in the clinical management and research of rheumatoid arthritis.