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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes01:33

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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Molecular architecture of the developing mouse brain.

Gioele La Manno1,2, Kimberly Siletti3, Alessandro Furlan3,4

  • 1Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. gioele.lamanno@epfl.ch.

Nature
|July 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a comprehensive molecular atlas of the embryonic mouse brain, identifying nearly 800 cell states and mapping gene expression to understand brain development from gastrulation to birth.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mammalian brain development involves complex interactions of spatial cues, cell signaling, and genetic programs, leading to over a thousand distinct cell types.
  • Understanding this process necessitates systematic characterization of cell states across the entire spatiotemporal range of development.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics are powerful tools for revealing molecular heterogeneity in the nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the embryonic mouse brain.
  • To identify and characterize cellular states throughout embryonic brain development.
  • To map the spatial expression patterns of key developmental genes and integrate this with single-cell data.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing of the embryonic mouse brain from gastrulation to birth.
  • In situ mRNA sequencing to determine spatial gene expression patterns.
  • Integration of single-cell transcriptomic data with spatial expression data.

Main Results:

  • Identification of nearly 800 distinct cellular states during embryonic mouse brain development.
  • Characterization of developmental programs for brain functional elements, including neuroepithelium, secondary organizers, and progenitor cells.
  • Precise mapping of the spatial organization of neural progenitors during nervous system patterning through integrated data analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed molecular atlas of embryonic mouse brain development.
  • The findings elucidate the developmental trajectories and spatial organization of neural progenitors.
  • This resource will advance our understanding of mammalian brain formation and cellular diversity.