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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography
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Using micro computed tomographic imaging for analyzing kidney stones.

James C Williams1, James E Lingeman2, Michel Daudon3,4

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (USA).

Comptes Rendus. Chimie (Print)
|July 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Micro computed tomography (CT) accurately identifies common kidney stone minerals, including calcium oxalate, with high sensitivity and specificity. This technology also detects trace minerals and visualizes stone surface features, aiding in understanding stone formation.

Keywords:
apatitebrushitecalcium oxalatemicro CTstone analysisstruviteuric acidurolithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Urology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate stone analysis is crucial for diagnosing and managing urolithiasis (kidney stones).
  • Traditional methods for stone analysis have limitations in sensitivity and scope.
  • Micro computed tomography (micro CT) offers advanced imaging capabilities for material characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the strengths and limitations of micro CT in analyzing kidney stone composition.
  • To assess the accuracy of micro CT in identifying various types of urinary calculi.
  • To explore the utility of micro CT in detecting trace minerals and understanding stone formation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 757 stone specimens using micro CT.
  • Evaluation of micro CT's sensitivity and specificity for identifying common stone types.
  • Inclusion of calibration standards to improve X-ray attenuation value accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Micro CT achieved 99.6% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity in identifying majority calcium oxalate stones.
  • Successful identification of majority apatite, brushite, uric acid, and struvite stones was demonstrated.
  • Detection of trace minerals (e.g., apatite in calcium oxalate) at levels below 1% was possible.
  • Three-dimensional visualization of stone surface features was enabled.

Conclusions:

  • Micro CT is a highly effective tool for the accurate identification of major and minor mineral components in kidney stones.
  • The technology provides valuable insights into stone morphology and surface characteristics, contributing to the study of stone formation.
  • Calibration standards enhance the mineral identification capabilities of micro CT for urolithiasis analysis.