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Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Wild Monochamus alternatus Populations for Biocontrol Applications in Forest Wood Borers
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Alternaria toxins-Still emerging?

Georg Aichinger1, Giorgia Del Favero1, Benedikt Warth1

  • 1Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
|July 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternaria molds contaminate food with toxins, posing risks as emerging mycotoxins. Recent research advances analytical methods for broader detection and understanding of their complex toxicity and human exposure.

Keywords:
black moldfood safetygenotoxicitymycotoxinsnatural toxinssynergism

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Alternaria molds produce diverse secondary metabolites, posing risks as emerging food contaminants.
  • Despite extensive research, no regulations exist for Alternaria toxins, highlighting a knowledge gap.
  • Regulatory bodies like EFSA call for more data on genotoxic Alternaria toxins, including alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of recent developments in Alternaria toxin research.
  • To address challenges related to the chemical complexity of Alternaria metabolome and mixture effects.
  • To highlight advances in analytical techniques for toxin detection and human exposure assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on Alternaria toxin occurrence, toxicity, and toxicokinetics.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods.
  • Inclusion of studies on novel biological targets and in vivo investigations.

Main Results:

  • The review covers toxicodynamics, including novel targets like cell membranes and receptors.
  • Toxicokinetic data, including perylene quinones, are summarized.
  • Advances in LC-MS/MS enable broader detection of Alternaria toxins, including modified forms, and support human biomonitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding Alternaria toxins, but challenges remain.
  • Improved analytical methods are crucial for comprehensive risk assessment.
  • Further research is needed to inform regulatory decisions on these emerging mycotoxins.