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Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Commercial Milk in Paraguay
Andrea Alejandra Arrua1,2, Pablo David Arrúa1, Juliana Moura-Mendes1
1Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
Abstract:
The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is a public health concern because milk is a significant part of human diets worldwide. In economies where AFM1 monitoring is low or nonexistent, the possibility of AFM1 contamination might be increased. Our study was conducted to detect and quantify AFM1 in fluid milk and milk drinks of various brands, fat concentrations, packages, and heat treatments sold in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción, Paraguay. Eighty samples were collected from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción following a nonprobability sampling method. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for AFM1 (25 to 500 ppt) was used to quantify the toxin, and results were analyzed with nonparametric methods. All samples were positive values for AFM1 (above the detection limit of 25 ng/kg); 85% of the samples had 30 to 50 ng/kg, and 15% had >500 ng/kg. No significant difference in AFM1 concentration was found based on fat concentration, heat treatment, or type of packaging of these milk products; however, significant differences were found between brands.
Insights
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected in all milk and milk drinks in Asunción, Paraguay. While most samples had low levels, some brands exceeded safe limits, posing a public health risk.
Area of Science:
- Food Safety
- Mycotoxicology
- Public Health
Background:
- Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is a global public health concern, particularly in regions with limited monitoring.
- Milk consumption is widespread, making AFM1 contamination a significant dietary risk.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detect and quantify AFM1 in fluid milk and milk drinks available in Asunción, Paraguay.
- To assess potential risk factors associated with AFM1 contamination in dairy products.
Main Methods:
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for AFM1 quantification (25–500 ppt).
- Eighty milk and milk drink samples were collected from supermarkets in Asunción.
- Nonparametric statistical methods were employed for data analysis.
Main Results:
- All 80 samples tested positive for AFM1, exceeding the 25 ng/kg detection limit.
- 85% of samples contained 30–50 ng/kg of AFM1, while 15% exceeded 500 ng/kg.
- Significant variations in AFM1 levels were observed between different milk brands, but not by fat content, packaging, or heat treatment.
Conclusions:
- The study confirms widespread AFM1 contamination in milk products in Asunción, Paraguay.
- Certain milk brands pose a higher risk due to elevated AFM1 levels.
- Enhanced monitoring and regulatory control are crucial to mitigate public health risks associated with AFM1 in dairy products.
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