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A hepatitis C elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: A novel reflexive laboratory algorithm
A Seaman1, C A King2, T Kaser3
1Department of Medicine, Section of Addiction Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States; Hepatitis C Elimination Program, Central City Concern, Portland, Oregon, United States.
Insights
A streamlined HCV program improved treatment initiation for people who use drugs (PWUD). However, gaps remain for women and homeless individuals in completing treatment and achieving sustained virologic response (SVR12).
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Hepatitis C (HCV) elimination requires treating people who use drugs (PWUD), but they face treatment barriers.
- Women, minority groups, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete HCV treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program for PWUD.
- To identify factors influencing progression through the HCV care cascade.
Main Methods:
- Implemented a single-order reflex laboratory bundle for HCV screening and treatment initiation.
- Utilized logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models to analyze care cascade progression.
- Program implemented in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a withdrawal center.
Main Results:
- 32.7% of 11,035 clients were screened; 28.3% tested HCV PCR positive.
- 69.8% initiated treatment, 94.1% completed treatment, and 57.2% achieved SVR12.
- Opioid/stimulant use disorder predicted increased cascade progression; women and homeless individuals showed treatment completion gaps.
Conclusions:
- The laboratory bundle improved HCV treatment initiation and reduced time to treatment.
- Despite improvements, significant disparities persist for women and homeless individuals in completing HCV care.
- Targeted interventions are needed to address remaining gaps in the HCV care cascade.
Background:
Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment.
Methods:
We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs.
Results:
Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression.
Conclusions:
The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.
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