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Related Concept Videos

Ecological Niches02:02

Ecological Niches

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All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.
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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Overview
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications
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Adaptive ecological niche migration does not negate extinction susceptibility.

A Woodhouse1, S L Jackson2, R A Jamieson2

  • 1School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. eeadw@leeds.ac.uk.

Scientific Reports
|July 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Modern marine extinctions show species-specific stress responses like "pre-extinction gigantism" and niche migration, even among related planktonic foraminifera. These findings aid understanding marine extinction risk from climate change.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Marine Biology
  • Climate Change Science

Background:

  • Modern extinction rates are alarmingly high, with marine data often lacking high-resolution insights.
  • Understanding pre-extinction stress indicators in marine organisms is crucial for predicting climate change impacts.
  • Planktonic foraminifera offer a valuable high-resolution fossil record for studying extinction dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate pre-extinction phenotypic responses in closely related marine planktonic foraminifera.
  • To determine if ecological stress indicators are consistent across species with shared ancestry and niche.
  • To enhance understanding of marine extinction risk in the face of global climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the isochronous extinction event of two planktonic foraminiferal species (Dentoglobigerina).
  • Examination of high-resolution fossil microfossil records for phenotypic changes.
  • Comparative study of species-specific responses including ecological niche migration and size changes.

Main Results:

  • Disruptive selection and ecological niche migration were observed prior to extinction.
  • "Pre-extinction gigantism" and photosymbiont bleaching were identified as stress indicators.
  • Phenotypic responses to stress were species-specific, despite shared ancestry and extinction timing.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-extinction phenotypic responses in planktonic foraminifera are species-specific, not universal.
  • These species-specific behaviors offer insights into marine evolution and extinction processes.
  • Recognizing these indicators can improve the assessment of marine extinction risk due to climate change.