A review of 3D printing techniques for environmental applications

With a wide variety of techniques and compatible materials, three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming increasingly useful in environmental applications in air, water, and energy. Through the advantages of quick production, cost-effectiveness, customizable design, the ability to produce complex geometries, and more, 3D printing has supported improvements to air quality monitors, filters, membranes, separation devices for water treatment, microbial fuel cells, solar cells, and wind turbines. It also supports sustainable manufacturing through reduced material waste, energy use, and carbon emissions. Applications of 3D printing within four environmental disciplines are described in this article: sustainable manufacturing, air quality, water and wastewater, and alternative energy sources.