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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Autoimmune encephalitis: the first observational study from Iran.

Masoud Etemadifar1,2, Ali Aghababaei3, Hosein Nouri2,4

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|July 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study details Iranian autoimmune encephalitis cases, finding anti-NMDAR antibodies most common. It highlights unique associations like SLE-related anti-NMDAR encephalitis and anti-Zic4 syndrome.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune encephalitisParkinsonismStiff-person syndromeSystemic lupus erythematosusZic4

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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis is rarely reported in populous Middle Eastern countries like Iran.
  • Understanding the characteristics of this condition in Iran is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features of Iranian patients with autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To identify anti-neuronal autoantibodies in these patients.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, from March 2016 to May 2020.
  • Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and electroencephalographic data were collected from 39 diagnosed patients.

Main Results:

  • The study identified 39 patients with autoimmune encephalitis, with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies being the most frequent (66.7%).
  • Other detected antibodies included anti-GABABR (20.5%), anti-Zic4 (10.3%), and anti-GAD65 (2.6%).
  • Notable findings included SLE-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis and a concurrence of anti-Zic4 positivity with cognitive decline, seizures, parkinsonism, and stiff-person syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first case series of autoimmune encephalitis in Iran, providing valuable insights into the condition's presentation.
  • The findings highlight specific antibody associations and clinical manifestations, including rare occurrences like SLE-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis.