Effect of (bio)plastics on soil environment: A review

The contribution of improperly disposed plastic wastes is globally evaluated at the level of 30% and these wastes make a particular threat to all living creatures. Thus, the evaluation of the possible impacts of plastic particles on the biotic part of ecosystems has become increasingly important in recent years. As a result, the growing number of publications concerning this subject has been observed since 2018. This paper aims to review the advances in studies on the effect of petroleum-derived plastic and bioplastic particles, taken together in the term (bio)plastics, on the terrestrial ecosystem, particularly on soil biota. It is the first review, in which both petroleum-derived plastics and bioplastics were analysed regarding their potential impacts on the soil compartment. Petroleum-derived plastics were more frequently studied than bioplastics and among analysed papers about 18% concern bioplastics. It was found that (bio)plastics did not affect the germination of seeds. However, they might contribute to the delay in germination processes. Both inhibitory and stimulating effects were observed in relation to the growth of roots and stems. (Bio)plastic microparticles did not inhibit the biochemical activity of nitrifiers and transformation of carbon compounds. Earthworms were predominantly used organisms to test the effect of petroleum-derived plastics on soil biota but there are hardly any data about bioplastics. Petroleum-derived microplastics present in soil at concentrations up to 1000 mg kg^-1 usually neither cause to the mortality of earthworms nor affect their reproduction. Micro- and nanoparticles of petroleum-derived plastics could be accumulated in the earthworm intestine and transferred in the food chain. Summarizing, a high variability of results and often appearing lack of dose-dependence relationships hamper the final evaluation of the ecotoxicity of (bio)plastics simultaneously creating a need to develop the ecotoxicological studies on (bio)plastics, especially including these on the effect of bioplastics on soil animals.