Sequestration of toxic Pb(II) ions using ultrasonic modified agro waste: Adsorption mechanism and modelling study

Treating the effluents from industries by using biological and agricultural wastes is an emerging field of research. In this study, three different biosorbents are prepared from tamarind seeds such as; raw, sulphuric acid-modified and ultrasonic-assisted surface-modified tamarind seed powder has been utilized to expel the Pb (II) ions from synthetic solution. The surface characteristics of the newly synthesized raw and surface modified agro-waste biomass were studied by FTIR and SEM. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of different parameters on adsorption of Pb(II) ions using raw, sulphuric acid-modified and ultrasonic-assisted surface-modified tamarind seeds. The maximum Pb(II) ions adsorption was found at pH - 6.0, temperature - 303 K, biosorbent dosage - 3.5 g/L and contact time - 60 min for raw tamarind seeds and 30 min for sulphuric acid-modified and ultrasonic-assisted surface-modified tamarind seeds. The adsorption mechanism was described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first order kinetic model. Among the three biosorbents, ultrasonic-assisted surface-modified tamarind seeds show higher adsorption capacity (18.86 mg/g) of Pb(II) ions removal from the synthetic solution. The thermodynamic study declared that the present Pb(II) ions adsorption onto the prepared biosorbents was spontaneous, exothermic and followed physical adsorption process. Results have shown that tamarind seed was found to be the best adsorbent in the expulsion of Pb(II) ions from the wastewater environment.