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Related Concept Videos

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

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The lamprey respiratory network: Some evolutionary aspects.

Donatella Mutolo1, Fulvia Bongianni1, Tito Pantaleo1

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, 50134, Firenze, Italy.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|July 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory rhythm generation in lampreys, involving the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG), shares similarities with mammalian systems. Neuromodulators and astrocytes significantly influence this vital breathing network across evolution.

Keywords:
5-HTATPAstrocytesEvolution of breathingGABA and glycineParatrigeminal respiratory group

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Respiratory Control

Background:

  • Breathing relies on complex rhythm-generating neural networks.
  • Understanding these networks is crucial for respiratory control research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review respiratory rhythm generation in vertebrates.
  • To detail neuromodulation of lamprey respiration by neural mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of vertebrate respiratory rhythm generators.
  • Examination of neural mechanisms in the lamprey paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG).

Main Results:

  • The lamprey pTRG, a respiratory rhythm generator, shows similarities to the mammalian preBötzinger complex.
  • Glutamate, GABA, glycine, opioids, substance P, acetylcholine, and serotonin modulate lamprey respiration.
  • Astrocytes and exogenous ATP influence the respiratory pattern.

Conclusions:

  • Key characteristics of respiratory rhythm generating networks are conserved across vertebrate evolution.
  • The lamprey serves as a valuable model for studying fundamental respiratory control mechanisms.