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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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COVID-19 vaccines.

Duduzile Ndwandwe1, Charles S Wiysonge2

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Global COVID-19 vaccination offers hope for pandemic resolution. Equitable vaccine access and uptake worldwide are crucial for achieving widespread immunity and ending the pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and infections globally.
  • Massive efforts are underway to develop safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the status of COVID-19 vaccine development and administration.
  • To highlight the importance of global vaccine equity and uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Review of vaccine candidates in pre-clinical and clinical development.
  • Analysis of emergency use approvals by regulatory authorities.
  • Examination of global vaccine administration data.

Main Results:

  • As of July 2021, 184 vaccine candidates were in pre-clinical development, 105 in clinical development, and 18 approved for emergency use.
  • Vaccine types include whole virus, protein-based, viral vector, and nucleic acid platforms.
  • Three billion vaccine doses administered by mid-2021, primarily in high-income nations.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 vaccination is vital for pandemic control.
  • Equitable access and optimal uptake in all countries are essential for global herd immunity.