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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

32.0K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

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Astrocyte and neuron cooperation in long-term depression.

Caitlin Durkee1, Paulo Kofuji1, Marta Navarrete2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Trends in Neurosciences
|August 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Astrocytes, once overlooked, are now recognized as crucial for learning and memory. This review highlights their essential role in long-term synaptic depression (LTD), a key form of synaptic plasticity.

Keywords:
calcium signalinggliotransmissionlong-term depressionsynaptic plasticitytripartite synapses

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity, including long-term changes in synaptic transmission, underlies learning and memory.
  • Neuronal mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are well-studied, but astrocyte involvement remains less understood.
  • Astrocytes interact with neurons at tripartite synapses, regulating synaptic function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the role of astrocytes in long-term synaptic depression (LTD).
  • To explore the mechanistic diversity of astrocyte contributions to LTD.
  • To emphasize astrocytes as integral participants in LTD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on astrocyte involvement in synaptic plasticity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating astrocyte-neuron interactions at tripartite synapses.
  • Synthesis of findings on the mechanistic heterogeneity of astrocyte contributions to LTD.

Main Results:

  • Astrocytes are increasingly recognized for their regulatory role in synaptic function.
  • Evidence suggests astrocytes are necessary components for inducing and maintaining LTD.
  • Astrocyte contributions to LTD exhibit mechanistic heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Astrocytes are not merely supportive cells but active participants in synaptic plasticity.
  • Astrocytes are integral to long-term synaptic depression (LTD).
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the diverse mechanisms of astrocyte involvement in LTD.