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Tissue Atomization by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound.

Julianna Simon1, Oleg Sapozhnikov1,2, Vera Khokhlova1,2

  • 1Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium : [Proceedings]. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium
|August 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Focused ultrasound can atomize liquids and tissues, creating a spray. This study shows atomization and fountain formation in tissues, explaining how high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapies fractionate biological material.

Keywords:
AtomizationHIFUfountainhistotripsy

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Acoustic cavitation
  • Ultrasound therapies

Background:

  • Focused ultrasound induces liquid atomization and fountain formation, historically explained by the cavitation-wave hypothesis.
  • High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fractionates tissue via pulsed-cavitation or millisecond boiling histotripsy, but the mechanism of submicron fragment generation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test if atomization and fountain formation in liquids and tissues are similar, leading to tissue erosion.
  • To investigate the role of atomization in tissue fractionation by HIFU therapies.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-MHz HIFU transducer was used at peak in situ pressures of 50 MPa and -11 MPa.
  • High-speed videography captured atomization and fountain formation at the liquid/tissue-air interface for water, ethanol, glycerol, bovine liver, and porcine blood clots.
  • Acoustic intensity thresholds and jet velocities were measured.

Main Results:

  • The in situ linear intensity threshold for atomization varied across liquids and tissues, with ethanol < blood clot < water < liver.
  • Glycerol did not atomize under the tested conditions.
  • Average jet velocities were approximately 20 m/s for all atomizing materials.
  • Liver erosion saturated around 300 pulses, with an average erosion volume of 25.7±10.9 mm³.

Conclusions:

  • While not identical to liquids, tissue atomization and fountain formation provide a plausible mechanism for tissue fractionation in millisecond boiling and cavitation cloud histotripsy.
  • Atomization is a key process in understanding HIFU tissue ablation and fragmentation.